MCQ 1. Which rule under the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act is amended by the 2025 gazette notification?
A) Authorization Committee rule
B) Brain death certification rule
C) Rules relating to the form and infrastructure of corneal transplant centres (Form 15)
D) Penalty provisions for illegal organ trade
Explanation:
The amendment specifically modifies Form 15 of the rules, making specular microscope optional for cornea transplant centres.
The amendment specifically modifies Form 15 of the rules, making specular microscope optional for cornea transplant centres.
MCQ 2. Why has the requirement for clinical specular microscopy been made optional in the new 2025 rules?
A) Because specular microscopes are being phased out globally
B) To reduce infrastructural burden on smaller and semi urban transplant centres
C) Due to safety concerns linked with specular microscope radiation
D) To allow only large private hospitals to do cornea transplants
Explanation:
One of the driving motivations behind the amendment is to ease “infrastructural challenges, particularly for smaller eye centres in rural and semi urban areas.”
One of the driving motivations behind the amendment is to ease “infrastructural challenges, particularly for smaller eye centres in rural and semi urban areas.”
MCQ 3. What is the primary objective of the proposed World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO)?
A) To regulate AI as a proprietary technology under a single superpower
B) To promote global cooperation, inclusive development, and coordinated governance of AI
C) To replace the United Nations as the global technology governance body
D) To develop a commercial AI product shared by member states
Explanation:
As proposed by China, WAICO is meant to foster international collaboration in AI, especially across countries, and to build a platform for innovation, supply-demand cooperation, and shared governance.
As proposed by China, WAICO is meant to foster international collaboration in AI, especially across countries, and to build a platform for innovation, supply-demand cooperation, and shared governance.
MCQ 4. Where was the proposal for WAICO announced?
A) At G20 Summit in New Delhi
B) During the World Artificial Intelligence Conference (WAIC) in Shanghai
C) At the United Nations General Assembly
D) At the Davos World Economic Forum
Explanation:
Chinese Premier Li Qiang announced the idea of WAICO at the opening of WAIC 2025, calling for a global AI cooperation organisation.
Chinese Premier Li Qiang announced the idea of WAICO at the opening of WAIC 2025, calling for a global AI cooperation organisation.
MCQ 5. Which goal is not explicitly mentioned as part of WAICO’s mission, according to China?
A) Promoting AI innovation cooperation
B) Strengthening capacity building in the Global South
C) Establishing a global AI compute power cap
D) Enhancing coordinated governance for AI as a global public good
Explanation:
The vision as described includes cooperation, capacity-building (especially in developing countries), and governance. China’s proposal does not mention a compute-power cap.
The vision as described includes cooperation, capacity-building (especially in developing countries), and governance. China’s proposal does not mention a compute-power cap.
MCQ 6. Which city is being considered for hosting WAICO’s headquarters?
A) Beijing
B) New York
C) Geneva
D) Shanghai
Explanation:
Shanghai has been proposed as the headquarters for WAICO, leveraging its strong AI ecosystem and global connectivity.
Shanghai has been proposed as the headquarters for WAICO, leveraging its strong AI ecosystem and global connectivity.
MCQ 7. Which of the following is a mechanism proposed under WAICO to address inequities in AI development?
A) A worldwide AI patent pool for all member states
B) An algorithmic compensation fund funded by a royalty on commercial AI revenues
C) Immediate open-sourcing of all AI models developed by member states
D) Imposing trade sanctions on non-cooperative states
Explanation:
According to analyses of the WAICO proposal, its structure includes an “algorithmic compensation fund” financed via a modest royalty on commercial AI revenues, intended to address development imbalances.
According to analyses of the WAICO proposal, its structure includes an “algorithmic compensation fund” financed via a modest royalty on commercial AI revenues, intended to address development imbalances.
MCQ 8. The double-helix structure of DNA was discovered by:
A) James Watson and Francis Crick
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Rosalind Franklin
D) Linus Pauling
Explanation:
• In 1953, Watson & Crick proposed the double-helix structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotides with a sugar-phosphate backbone and complementary nitrogenous bases (A-T, G-C).
• UPSC often links DNA structure to genetics, biotechnology, and genome editing.
• In 1953, Watson & Crick proposed the double-helix structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotides with a sugar-phosphate backbone and complementary nitrogenous bases (A-T, G-C).
• UPSC often links DNA structure to genetics, biotechnology, and genome editing.
MCQ 9. Which of the following is true regarding the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
A) Adenine pairs with Guanine
B) Cytosine pairs with Thymine
C) Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine
D) All bases pair randomly
Explanation:
Base-pairing rules (Chargaff’s rules): A = T and C ≡ G.
Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
UPSC often asks DNA replication and transcription-related questions.
Base-pairing rules (Chargaff’s rules): A = T and C ≡ G.
Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
UPSC often asks DNA replication and transcription-related questions.
MCQ 10. Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing DNA during replication?
A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) DNA ligase
D) Helicase
Explanation:
• DNA polymerase: Synthesizes new DNA strands using the template strand during replication.
• Helicase: Unwinds the DNA double helix.
• DNA ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
• This concept appeared in 2019–2023 prelims biotech questions.
• DNA polymerase: Synthesizes new DNA strands using the template strand during replication.
• Helicase: Unwinds the DNA double helix.
• DNA ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
• This concept appeared in 2019–2023 prelims biotech questions.