UPSC Mains GS 2 Paper 2024 

India’s Evolving Diplomatic, Economic, and Strategic Relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs)

• Diplomatic Engagement
  • Historical Ties and Shared Culture: India and CARs share cultural and historical links through the Silk Road and Mughal connections. Since their independence in the early 1990s, India has prioritized building strong diplomatic ties with the region.
  • India-Central Asia Dialogue: Institutionalized mechanisms such as the India-Central Asia Dialogue foster engagement on political and strategic issues, focusing on regional security, trade, and development cooperation.
• Economic Relations
  • Trade and Connectivity: The main challenge has been the lack of direct connectivity, but initiatives like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the Ashgabat Agreement aim to improve trade routes through Iran and the Caspian Sea. India’s investment in projects like Chabahar Port in Iran is crucial for enhancing connectivity with Central Asia.
  • Energy Cooperation: CARs are rich in energy resources, particularly Turkmenistan with its vast natural gas reserves. India has shown interest in projects like the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline to diversify its energy supply.
• Strategic Relations
  • Security and Counterterrorism Cooperation: India’s strategic interests in CARs are shaped by shared concerns over terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking, given the region’s proximity to Afghanistan. India’s military and strategic ties, especially through forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), provide a platform for addressing common security threats.
  • Balancing Regional Powers: India’s presence in CARs serves as a counterbalance to the influence of China and Russia in the region. This diversification strengthens India’s geopolitical standing, especially through soft power initiatives like education and cultural exchange.

Increasing Significance of Central Asian Republics in Regional and Global Geopolitics

• Energy Security
  • CARs, especially Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, are critical for global energy security due to their abundant natural gas and oil resources. They attract the interest of regional powers like Russia, China, and Europe, making energy cooperation a strategic priority.
• Geopolitical Importance in Eurasia
  • Strategic Location: CARs are located at the crossroads of Eurasia, connecting Europe and Asia. Their geographic positioning makes them pivotal in major trade and energy corridors such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the INSTC.
  • Great Power Competition: The region is a stage for geopolitical competition between Russia, China, and the U.S., each vying for influence. China’s BRI has expanded its economic influence, while Russia retains security ties through the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). India’s role is seen as balancing this influence while maintaining strategic autonomy.
• Security Concerns
  • Afghanistan’s Stability: Central Asia’s security is closely tied to developments in Afghanistan. The region is vulnerable to spillover effects from Afghan instability, including terrorism, drug trafficking, and refugee flows. India’s involvement in security frameworks like the SCO and bilateral defense cooperation with CARs highlights the importance of regional security.
• Multilateral Cooperation
  • SCO and Regional Stability: As a member of the SCO, India contributes to regional stability and security dialogues. The organization addresses transnational issues such as extremism, terrorism, and border security, which are crucial for both India and CARs.
  • Economic Integration Initiatives: Beyond energy, multilateral projects like the INSTC and the Ashgabat Agreement enhance connectivity and trade integration between India and CARs, reinforcing their role in the broader geopolitical landscape

India’s evolving relations with the Central Asian Republics reflect a growing recognition of the region’s importance in India’s foreign policy calculus. By deepening diplomatic, economic, and strategic ties with the CARs, India aims to enhance its influence in the region, secure access to energy resources, and promote regional stability and connectivity.  

Q11.What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act ? (Answer in 250 words).

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 is a legislation aimed at ensuring the integrity and fairness of public examinations in the country. It seeks to prevent any form of cheating, malpractice, or unfair means during the conduct of examinations.

Aims and Objectives of Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024

• Prevent Unfair Means in Examinations: The Act seeks to curb the use of cheating and other dishonest methods during public examinations to ensure fairness and transparency.
• Promote Integrity in Public Examinations: It aims to uphold the sanctity and credibility of public examinations by eliminating unethical practices.
• Ensure Equal Opportunities for Examinees: By preventing unfair practices, the Act ensures that all candidates have an equal and fair opportunity to compete based on merit.
• Punitive Measures for Violators: The Act introduces strict penalties for those who engage in or abet unfair practices, deterring future violations.
• Regulate Exam-Related Activities: It includes provisions to regulate exam-related activities such as the conduct of examination centers, the behavior of invigilators, and the use of technology during exams.
• Safeguard Educational Standards: The Act is a measure to protect the quality of education by ensuring that qualifications reflect true ability and learning.

Applicability to University/State Education Board Examinations:

• Public Examinations Definition: The Act broadly covers “public examinations” which generally refer to exams conducted by recognized authorities, including:
  • Government examination bodies.
  • Boards that conduct secondary and higher secondary examinations.
• Inclusion of Universities and State Education Boards: University examinations and those conducted by state boards are likely included under this Act, given that they are recognized public examination bodies.
• Applicability to National and State Levels: The Act is likely applicable to both national-level examinations (like CBSE, ICSE) and state-level boards, as well as university entrance and qualifying exams, provided they fall under the definition of public examinations

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 is a crucial legislation that aims to uphold the integrity and fairness of public examinations. By implementing strict measures to prevent and penalize instances of cheating and unfair means, the Act seeks to ensure that the examination process is conducted in a transparent and accountable manner. 

Q12.Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity. (Answer in 250 words)

The right to privacy is a fundamental right that is essential for the protection of individual autonomy and personal liberty. It is recognized as an intrinsic part of life and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

Right to Privacy and Article 21

• Scope of Article 21:
  • Article 21 states, “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.”
  • Initially, this article only protected against arbitrary state action but has since been broadened to include many implied rights, including privacy.
• Supreme Court’s Interpretation:
  • In the landmark K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) case, the Supreme Court of India held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21.
  • The judgment overturned previous rulings (such as the MP Sharma and Kharak Singh cases), which had rejected privacy as a fundamental right.
• Right to Privacy as Part of Life:
  • The Court emphasized that the right to privacy is intrinsic to an individual’s dignity and personal liberty. It is necessary to ensure that individuals have control over their personal information and autonomy in making personal choices.
  • Privacy includes bodily integrity, informational privacy, and personal autonomy.
• Judicial Expansion of Article 21:
  • Over time, the scope of Article 21 has been extended to include various rights like:
    • Right to Clean Environment: The right to live in a pollution-free environment.
    • Right to Education: Free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14.
    • Right to Privacy: Declared a part of life and personal liberty.
• Test for Privacy Infringement:
  • Any restriction on the right to privacy must meet the threefold test established by the Court:
    • Legality: There must be a law justifying the interference.
    • Legitimate Aim: The law should promote a legitimate state interest.
    • Proportionality: The interference must be proportional to the need to achieve the objective.
• Link to Human Dignity: The Court highlighted that privacy is tied to human dignity, forming an essential component of the right to life and personal liberty. Protecting privacy ensures individual autonomy, self-determination, and control over personal information.
• Impact on Laws: The ruling influenced the formulation of data protection laws, leading to the development of the Personal Data Protection Bill and shaping the debate on issues like the Aadhaar program.

Law Relating to DNA Testing of a Child in the Womb to Establish Paternity

• Relevance of DNA Testing
  • DNA testing is often used in cases of paternity disputes to establish biological relationships.
  • While the technology is accurate, its application raises concerns regarding privacy, bodily autonomy, and consent.
• Judicial Precedents and Guidelines
  • Bhabani Prasad Jena vs. Convenor Secretary, Orissa State Commission for Women (2010): The Supreme Court held that DNA testing should not be used as a routine procedure to establish paternity without considering the right to privacy of the parties involved.
  • The court noted that compelling a person to undergo a DNA test must be balanced with respect for personal autonomy and dignity.
• Legality of DNA Testing in the Womb
  • Under the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, prenatal diagnostic tests, including DNA testing for the purpose of determining paternity, are heavily regulated.
  • Testing must be authorized under specific circumstances, such as when it is medically necessary or if the court orders it.
  • Courts generally approach DNA testing cautiously, especially in sensitive cases involving children and women, to prevent potential misuse and invasion of privacy.
• Balancing Privacy and Justice
  • The right to privacy under Article 21 can be invoked to oppose forced DNA tests, especially if they violate personal dignity.
  • However, courts have also recognized that justice in family law disputes may require scientific evidence, including DNA testing, but only when necessary and in accordance with legal safeguards.

The right to privacy is a fundamental right that is essential for the protection of individual autonomy and personal liberty. It is a cornerstone of a democratic society and must be upheld and respected by all individuals and institutions. 

Q13.What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-Stare relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (Answer in 250 words)

The Centre-State relations in India have always been a topic of discussion and debate. The Union Government has recently introduced some new measures in this domain to strengthen the relationship between the Centre and the States.

Recent Changes in Centre-State Relations

• Implementation of GST (Goods and Services Tax): Shifted indirect taxation powers from the states to the Centre, though with a GST Council that includes state representatives to ensure collaborative decision-making.
• Changes in Financial Relations: Recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission were implemented, with a focus on reducing the share of states in central taxes, which some states perceived as diminishing their fiscal autonomy.
• Farm Laws (2020): The controversial farm laws, later repealed, were seen as infringing on the state’s domain, particularly in agriculture, sparking protests and raising questions about Centre-State coordination.
• Amendments in Disaster Management Act: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centre invoked the Disaster Management Act, centralizing decision-making, which affected state autonomy in health management.
• Use of Article 356 (President’s Rule): There has been reduced reliance on President’s Rule in recent years, but it still remains a tool of Centre intervention in state governance during constitutional breakdowns.

Measures to Build Trust Between the Centre and States

• Promoting Cooperative Federalism:
  • Encouraging collaboration between the Centre and the states by enhancing platforms like the NITI Aayog and the Inter-State Council to deliberate on mutual concerns.
  • Example: NITI Aayog’s role in policy formulation for both central and state governments.
• Ensuring Fiscal Federalism:
  • Devolution of more financial resources to states through the Finance Commission. This builds trust by allowing states more autonomy in using funds.
  • Example: Recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission that increased the states’ share in central taxes.
• Regular Consultations:
  • Periodic meetings between the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers to resolve regional issues. This enhances transparency and resolves conflicts effectively.
  • Example: Regular Prime Minister-Chief Minister meetings, as done during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Strengthening Role of the Inter-State Council:
  • Reviving and strengthening the role of the Inter-State Council for resolving issues that arise between states and the Centre.
  • Example: The Inter-State Council’s recommendations on water disputes can be critical in resolving disputes like the Cauvery River issue.
• Transparent Governance:
  • Implementing transparency in schemes where both Centre and states have roles, like centrally sponsored schemes. Clarifying roles and avoiding overlaps fosters mutual trust.
  • Example: The implementation of schemes like MNREGA, where clear guidelines for central and state responsibilities are crucial.
• Resolving Regional Disparities:
  • Addressing regional inequalities by focusing on backward areas through special grants or programs from the central government.
  • Example: Special assistance to backward states like Bihar and Odisha.
• Decentralization of Powers:
  • Empowering state governments to have more decision-making powers in certain sectors, thereby reducing the Centre’s overreach.
  • Example: The GST Council, where states have a say in tax policy decisions, promoting a more cooperative federal approach.

Measures to Strengthen Federalism in India

• Clear Division of Powers:
  • Clearer demarcation of responsibilities between Centre and states, particularly in concurrent subjects where ambiguity often leads to conflicts.
  • Example: Agriculture, where central laws such as the Farm Acts led to friction, could be handled by empowering states more effectively.
• Strengthening the Role of the Rajya Sabha:
  • Strengthening Rajya Sabha, as it represents states’ interests at the national level, to ensure that state concerns are adequately represented.
  • Example: Rajya Sabha’s involvement in discussing federal issues like national security and resource allocation.
• Enhanced Judicial Role:
  • Allowing the judiciary to play a more proactive role in resolving disputes between Centre and states through mechanisms like harmonious construction of laws.
  • Example: The Supreme Court’s role in resolving inter-state disputes such as the Cauvery water sharing issue.
• Institutional Reforms:
  • Strengthening institutions like the Finance Commission and NITI Aayog to give states more say in policymaking and resource allocation.
  • Example: The 14th Finance Commission’s recommendation to increase state shares in central taxes, fostering a sense of participation and fairness.
• Empowering Local Bodies:
  • Strengthening decentralization to local bodies under the 73rd and 74th amendments, ensuring that power is distributed not just between Centre and states but also within states.
  • Example: Successful implementation of the Panchayati Raj system, which enhances governance at the grassroots level.
• Flexibility in Policy Implementation:
  • Allowing states flexibility in implementing central policies according to their local conditions while adhering to the broad national framework.
  • Example: Flexibility granted to states in implementing education policies like the National Education Policy (NEP).
• Addressing Grievances Through Mediation:
  • Introducing a structured grievance redressal mechanism for states to mediate conflicts with the Centre through constitutional bodies.
  • Example: Mediation panels for resolving issues like GST disputes, thus avoiding legal confrontations and enhancing mutual trust.

The recent measures introduced by the Union Government in the domain of Centre-State relations are aimed at fostering a stronger partnership between the Centre and the States. By promoting cooperative federalism, accepting the recommendations of the Finance Commission, and empowering the States, the Union Government is working towards creating a more harmonious and effective system of governance in the country.

Q14.Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary ? (Answer in 250 words)

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India has seen significant growth over the years, with citizens using the legal system to address issues of public concern. This form of litigation allows individuals or organizations to bring matters of public interest to the attention of the courts, leading to positive changes in society.

Reasons for the Growth of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India

• Judicial Activism: The judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, embraced activism, expanding its scope to ensure social justice and protection of fundamental rights. This proactive role was critical in the growth of PILs.
• Access to Justice: PILs made it easier for marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society to approach the courts. The traditional requirement of locus standi (the right to bring a lawsuit) was relaxed, allowing any public-spirited individual or group to file cases on behalf of others.
• Societal Concerns: Issues such as environmental degradation, human rights violations, and corruption became areas where citizens could seek judicial intervention, pushing PIL cases to the forefront.
• Media Attention: Media coverage of PIL cases has increased public awareness, making the judiciary a platform for addressing wide-ranging societal problems.
• Executive and Legislative Inaction: PILs grew due to perceived inefficiencies or failures of the executive and legislative branches in addressing important social and political issues.

Has the Indian Supreme Court Emerged as the World’s Most Powerful Judiciary due to rise in PIL?

• Judicial Activism through PIL:
  • The rise of PILs has empowered the judiciary to address issues that go beyond traditional litigation.
  • PIL allows citizens to approach the Court directly for matters of public interest, thus broadening the scope of judicial intervention.
  • The Court has intervened in areas like environmental protection, human rights, and corruption.
• Expansion of Article 21 (Right to Life):
  • The Supreme Court has broadened the interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution, covering rights such as clean air, water, and education under the right to life.
  • This has empowered the judiciary to ensure fundamental rights are upheld in a variety of contexts, including PIL cases.
• Role as Guardian of the Constitution:
  • Through judicial review, the Supreme Court ensures that laws passed by the Parliament do not violate the Constitution.
  • This authority, combined with the rise of PIL, has reinforced the Court’s position as the ultimate guardian of constitutional values.
• Impact of Landmark Judgments:
  • Cases like Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India and Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan demonstrate the Court’s proactive role in safeguarding civil liberties and setting guidelines for governance.
  • These rulings have a far-reaching impact on governance, reinforcing the judiciary’s influence.
• Addressing Government Inaction:
  • PILs have been instrumental in compelling the executive and legislature to act on issues of public welfare.
  • For example, the Supreme Court has mandated action on issues like pollution control and illegal mining through PILs.
• Judicial Independence:
  • The independence of the judiciary in India, coupled with its ability to question executive actions through PILs, has placed it in a powerful position.
  • The judiciary’s ability to take suo moto cognizance of issues adds to its strength.
• Global Comparisons:
  • Compared to other judiciaries like the United States, where courts are more restrained in intervening in policy matters, the Indian Supreme Court’s proactive approach has arguably made it one of the most interventionist and powerful courts globally.

The growth of public interest litigation in India reflects a positive trend towards a more accountable and transparent society. By empowering citizens to seek justice and address public issues, PIL has become a powerful tool for social change and progress. It is essential to continue supporting and promoting PIL to ensure that the voices of the marginalized and underprivileged are heard and their rights protected. 

Q15.Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution. (Answer in 250 words)

India is known for its diverse culture and religious beliefs. The country’s constitution guarantees the right to freedom of religion and ensures that the state remains secular. This means that the government does not favor any religion and treats all religions equally.

India as a Secular State

Constitutional Provisions

• Preamble: The term “secular” was added to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. It reflects India’s commitment to religious neutrality and harmony.
• Article 25-28: These articles guarantee the right to freedom of religion and protect religious practices while maintaining social harmony.
  • Article 25: Ensures freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
  • Article 26: Provides religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs in matters of religion.
  • Article 27: Prohibits the state from compelling any individual to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion.
  • Article 28: Prohibits religious instruction in educational institutions maintained by the state.

Nature of Indian Secularism

• Equal Respect for All Religions: Unlike Western secularism, which emphasizes the separation of state and religion, Indian secularism promotes equal respect for all religions. The state can intervene in religious matters to ensure social reform (e.g., abolition of untouchability, Sati, etc.).

Key Features of Secularism in India

• No State Religion: India has no official religion, and the government does not promote or favor any particular faith.
• Equal Treatment: All religions are treated equally under the law, and religious freedom is guaranteed to every individual.
• State Intervention for Social Reform: The state can intervene in religious practices if they contradict fundamental rights or are socially oppressive.

Challenges to Secularism

• Religious Tensions: Periodic religious conflicts and the politicization of religion pose challenges to the ideal of secularism.
• Judicial Interpretations: The courts have played a key role in interpreting secularism, particularly in landmark cases such as the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), which affirmed secularism as part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

Comparison of secularism in the Indian Constitution and the US Constitution

India’s commitment to secularism has played a crucial role in maintaining peace and harmony among its diverse population. By upholding the principles of religious freedom and equality, India continues to be a shining example of a secular state. 

Q16.The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them. (Answer in 250 words)

The Citizens’ Charter is a document that outlines the commitments and responsibilities of a government or organization towards its citizens. It aims to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public service delivery.

The Citizens’ Charter: A Landmark Initiative

• Empowerment of Citizens: The Citizens’ Charter aims to empower citizens by informing them about the services provided, standards of service, and their rights in case of poor service.
• Promotes Accountability: It helps make government institutions more accountable to the public, offering a platform for grievance redressal.
• Enhances Transparency: Clearly defined service standards increase transparency, ensuring citizens know what to expect from the administration.
• Facilitates E-Governance: The charter supports the digital governance framework, which streamlines services and reduces bureaucratic inefficiencies.
• Service Delivery Mechanism: It sets clear timelines for service delivery, ensuring timely and efficient public services.
• Grievance Redressal Mechanism: The charter includes guidelines for addressing complaints, making it easier for citizens to report poor services.

Yet to Reach Its Full Potential

• Inconsistent Implementation: Many government agencies either do not adopt Citizens’ Charters or implement them half-heartedly, limiting its reach and effectiveness.
• Lack of Awareness: A large section of the population remains unaware of the charter and its provisions, reducing its effectiveness.
• Insufficient Grievance Mechanisms: While the charter outlines grievance redressal, many agencies lack robust and responsive systems to address complaints.
• No Legal Binding: The charter lacks statutory backing, which means agencies are not legally bound to follow its directives.
• Inadequate Monitoring: There is little monitoring of how well the charter is followed, leading to discrepancies in service delivery.
• Bureaucratic Resistance: Resistance from bureaucratic institutions due to perceived loss of authority and increased accountability hinders effective adoption.

Factors Hindering Its Full Potential

• Lack of Public Awareness: Many citizens, especially in rural areas, are unaware of the charter and their rights under it.
• Weak Institutional Framework: Absence of a robust, independent institution to monitor and enforce the charter limits its impact.
• Non-Mandatory Nature: Since it is non-binding, many agencies treat it as a voluntary guideline rather than a mandatory framework.
• Bureaucratic Resistance: Resistance from officials who perceive increased transparency and accountability as a threat to their authority.
• Resource Constraints: Some departments may lack the financial and human resources necessary to meet the standards outlined in the charter.
• Lack of Incentives and Penalties: There are no penalties for agencies that fail to adhere to the charter or incentives for those who implement it well.

Measures to Overcome Hindrances

• Increase Public Awareness: Launch large-scale awareness campaigns using digital platforms, traditional media, and local bodies to educate citizens about their rights and services under the charter.
• Strengthen Legal Backing: Make the Citizens’ Charter legally binding, compelling agencies to adhere to the standards and making them accountable for lapses.
• Institutional Oversight: Establish an independent oversight body responsible for monitoring the implementation and performance of the charter in various departments.
• Capacity Building for Officials: Train government employees on the importance of citizen-centric service and equip them with the tools to implement the charter effectively.
• Digitalization of Services: Promote e-governance initiatives that align with the principles of the charter, ensuring seamless delivery of services and tracking of performance.
• Incentives and Penalties: Introduce rewards for departments that successfully implement the charter and penalties for those that consistently fail to meet service standards.

The Citizens’ Charter has been instrumental in promoting citizen-centric administration by fostering transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public service delivery. It serves as a guiding framework for governments and organizations to prioritize the needs and rights of citizens in their operations. 

Q17.In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level. (Answer in 250 words)

The marketisation of the public healthcare system in India has led to various challenges and adverse impacts on the accessibility and affordability of healthcare services for the general population. In order to contain these negative effects, the Indian State should play a vital role in regulating and overseeing the healthcare system.

Role of the State in Containing Marketisation of the Public Healthcare System

• Regulation of Private Healthcare Sector
  • Implement strict regulations to control the prices of medical services in private hospitals.
  • Monitor the quality and safety standards of healthcare to ensure that the private sector complements rather than competes with public healthcare.
• Expanding Public Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Build more primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community health centers (CHCs) in rural areas to increase accessibility.
  • Improve the existing infrastructure of government hospitals and ensure they are equipped with modern medical technologies.
• Strengthening National Health Programs
  • Enhance the scope of national programs such as Ayushman Bharat to cover more beneficiaries, especially in marginalized and economically weaker sections.
  • Introduce awareness campaigns at the grassroots level to encourage people to use public health facilities over expensive private options.
• Subsidizing Essential Health Services
  • The government should provide subsidies for essential drugs and healthcare services to make them more affordable for the general public.
  • Provide free preventive healthcare services such as immunizations, maternal and child care, and routine health checkups to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure.

Measures to Enhance Public Healthcare at the Grassroots Level

• Decentralization of Healthcare Governance: Empower local governing bodies like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies to take charge of healthcare delivery at the local level. This would ensure more responsive and need-based healthcare.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encourage partnerships between the government and private healthcare providers for the supply of healthcare equipment, medicines, and mobile health units in rural areas.
• Health Education and Community Participation
  • Launch health literacy programs to educate people about preventive health practices.
  • Involve local communities in healthcare planning and implementation, such as forming village health committees to monitor health programs.
• Increased Budget Allocation for Public Health
  • Significantly raise the public healthcare budget to improve infrastructure, recruit more healthcare workers, and ensure the continuous supply of medicines.
  • Allocate funds specifically for underserved areas, ensuring equitable distribution of healthcare resources across the country.
• Focus on Preventive Healthcare
  • Prioritize preventive healthcare measures, such as improving sanitation, clean drinking water access, and widespread vaccination campaigns.
  • Implement nutrition programs targeting maternal health and child development to reduce the incidence of malnutrition and related diseases.
• Technological Integration
  • Use digital health technologies like telemedicine and mobile health applications to bridge the gap between healthcare providers and patients in remote locations.
  • Establish electronic health records for patients to streamline and improve the continuity of care.

The Indian State plays a crucial role in containing the adverse impact of marketisation of the public healthcare system. By regulating healthcare providers, implementing price control mechanisms, investing in public healthcare infrastructure, and promoting preventive healthcare, the State can ensure that quality and affordable healthcare services are accessible to all sections of society.

Q18.e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance. (Answer in 250 words)

E-governance refers to the use of digital technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government services. However, it is not limited to just the routine application of technology in service delivery processes. There are various other aspects of e-governance that go beyond the basic use of digital tools.

E-Governance is More Than Just the Routine Application of Digital Technology

• Beyond Basic Service Delivery:
  • E-governance isn’t limited to digitizing services; it’s a transformative process aimed at making government more efficient and citizen-centric.
  • Routine applications like online payments or digital documentation are only a small part of a much larger governance system involving data integration, workflow management, and decision-making enhancements.
• Strategic Integration:
  • The integration of technology involves rethinking processes and building infrastructures like cloud-based systems or AI-driven tools to address complex governance issues.
  • E-governance promotes innovation in policy-making and service delivery, using technology to streamline administrative functions and reach broader audiences.
• Policy and Legal Frameworks: Effective e-governance requires policy reforms and legal frameworks to ensure that digital innovations are backed by legislative support, ensuring sustainability and institutionalization.
• Holistic Development: E-governance goes beyond the government itself, including collaborations with private sectors, civil society, and international stakeholders to create a more comprehensive system for addressing public needs.

E-Governance and Its Role in Ensuring Transparency and Accountability

• Enhancing Public Access: E-governance platforms ensure that information is readily available to the public, facilitating transparency in processes such as tendering, budgeting, and legislative activities.
• Preventing Corruption: Digital records and traceable transactions help in reducing corruption by minimizing human interaction in critical processes like public procurement, thus enhancing accountability.
• Citizen Feedback Mechanisms: Interactive features such as complaint portals and feedback forums empower citizens to hold public officials accountable, fostering a culture of open dialogue and government responsiveness.
• Auditable Transactions: Digital governance tools provide a clear audit trail for financial transactions, public procurement, and decision-making processes, ensuring accountability through traceability.
• Standardized Processes: E-governance helps in creating standardized workflows across departments, reducing ambiguities and enhancing fairness in the implementation of government schemes and programs.

The Role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ in E-Governance

• Two-Way Communication: The interactive service model allows for two-way communication between the government and citizens. It is not just a passive service delivery but involves active citizen participation in governance processes.
• Citizen-Centric Services: This model is crucial for providing tailor-made services that address specific needs and preferences of citizens, creating a more responsive government system.
• Collaboration and Partnership: Interactive models encourage collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society, thus creating multi-stakeholder governance systems.
• Real-time Feedback: It enables real-time feedback, allowing governments to immediately address concerns, whether they be about service quality, delays, or policy impact, thus ensuring continual improvement.
• Digital Democracy: Through participatory platforms like online consultations, surveys, and digital town halls, the interactive service model fosters a more inclusive and transparent form of governance.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Interactive platforms also serve as tools for monitoring and evaluating government projects, making the administration more accountable and transparent to the public.

E-governance is a comprehensive approach that goes beyond just the use of digital technology in service delivery. It encompasses transparency, accountability, citizen participation, data-driven decision making, cost savings, and efficiency. By leveraging these aspects, governments can better serve their citizens and improve overall governance. 

Q19.‘Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’ Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level. (Answer in 250 words)

Terrorism has emerged as a major threat to global peace and security in recent years. It is characterized by the use of violence and intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. This phenomenon has caused widespread fear and instability in many parts of the world.

Terrorism as a Significant Threat to Global Peace and Security

• Global Reach of Terrorism: Terrorist groups like ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and others have expanded their operations internationally, threatening global peace and security by attacking civilians, governments, and infrastructure globally.
• Impact on Political Stability: Terrorist activities destabilize regions, leading to conflicts and insurgencies, particularly in countries already facing political instability, such as Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
• Humanitarian Crisis: Terrorism contributes to humanitarian crises, with mass displacement of populations, refugee flows, and human rights violations in affected regions.
• Economic Consequences: Terrorist attacks negatively affect economies by disrupting trade, tourism, and investor confidence, as seen in regions like West Asia and parts of Africa.
• Cyber Terrorism: Growing digital dependence has made cyber terrorism a new front, where critical infrastructure like banking, energy, and defense systems are targeted, posing significant risks to international peace.
• International Relations and Diplomacy: Terrorism shapes diplomatic relations, with countries often aligning or opposing each other based on their counter-terrorism strategies, leading to shifting alliances and tensions.

Effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)

• Global Framework for Counter-Terrorism: The CTC has played a pivotal role in establishing international legal frameworks for counter-terrorism, with resolutions like 1373, which mandates nations to prevent and suppress terrorism financing and ensure proper prosecution of offenders.
• Coordination and Cooperation: The CTC has been instrumental in improving global cooperation, fostering information-sharing and intelligence exchange between countries to combat terrorist networks.
• Monitoring and Compliance: The committee monitors states’ compliance with counter-terrorism measures, helping to ensure uniform enforcement of international counter-terrorism standards across member states.
• Capacity Building: Through its various programs, the CTC supports capacity-building efforts, providing technical assistance to nations struggling to implement counter-terrorism frameworks effectively.
• Challenges with Enforcement: Despite its successes, the CTC faces challenges in enforcing its directives due to the differing political priorities of member states and the sovereignty concerns of some countries.
• Evolving Terror Threats: The CTC’s efforts sometimes lag in addressing evolving forms of terrorism like home-grown radicalization and cyber terrorism, as its focus has traditionally been on transnational terrorism.

Evaluation of Associated Bodies in Mitigating the Terrorism Threat

• UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT): Established in 2017, the UNOCT aims to ensure better coordination within the UN system in addressing terrorism, particularly by streamlining the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF): As a body dedicated to combating money laundering and terrorist financing, FATF’s recommendations are crucial in identifying and disrupting financial flows that sustain terrorist organizations.
• International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL): INTERPOL supports member states in tracking down terrorists across borders through its international network of law enforcement agencies and databases.
• UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF): This body ensures coordination and coherence across the UN system in combating terrorism, especially in implementing the global counter-terrorism strategy.
• Security Council Sanctions Committees: These committees impose targeted sanctions, asset freezes, and travel bans on terrorist entities and individuals, helping to cripple their operational capacity.
• Limitations in Coordination: While these bodies play a critical role, there remain gaps in coordination and the timely execution of sanctions or counter-terrorism measures due to the varying commitment levels of different member states.

Terrorism poses a significant threat to global peace and security, with far-reaching consequences for individuals, communities, and nations. It is essential for the international community to work together to address the root causes of terrorism and prevent future attacks. Only through collective action and cooperation can we effectively combat this scourge and ensure a safer and more secure world for all.

Q20.Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and/energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? (Answer in 250 words )

The Maldives, an archipelago of over 1,000 islands in the Indian Ocean, holds significant geopolitical and geostrategic importance for India. With its strategic location in the Indian Ocean region, the Maldives plays a crucial role in global trade and energy flows.

Geopolitical and Geostrategic Importance of Maldives for India: Focus on Trade and Energy Flows

• Strategic Location in Indian Ocean: Maldives sits astride major sea lanes that are crucial for global maritime trade. Its proximity to these lanes ensures it plays a vital role in India’s maritime domain awareness.
• Gateway for Energy Flow: Maldives is close to the routes through which a significant portion of the world’s energy, especially oil from the Middle East, passes, making its stability critical for uninterrupted energy supplies to India.
• Key to India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ Policy: As part of India’s regional foreign policy, maintaining close ties with Maldives is crucial for ensuring political stability and minimizing external influence in the Indian Ocean.
• Prevention of Chinese Influence: Due to its strategic importance, Maldives has been a focus of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). For India, ensuring that Maldives does not fall into a debt trap or shift towards China is crucial to maintain regional dominance.
• Regional Trade Hub Potential: Maldives’ location provides opportunities to develop it as a logistics and shipping hub in the Indian Ocean, complementing India’s trade routes.
• Securing the Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Control and influence over Maldives enhance India’s ability to oversee security in the broader IOR, which is vital for its trade and economic interests.

Impact on India’s Maritime Security and Regional Stability Amidst International Competition

• Countering China’s ‘String of Pearls’: Maldives is integral in countering China’s String of Pearls strategy, which seeks to build a network of military and commercial facilities around India’s maritime borders. Strong relations with Maldives help India secure its interests.
• Enhanced Naval Presence: India’s close ties with Maldives allow it to maintain a naval presence in the region, securing sea lanes and deterring piracy, smuggling, and terrorism, especially in the sensitive Indian Ocean region.
• Boost to Maritime Domain Awareness: Collaboration with Maldives enhances India’s surveillance and monitoring capabilities in the Indian Ocean, providing early warnings and strategic advantages over hostile naval forces.
• Prevention of External Military Influence: Keeping foreign military powers, especially China, from establishing bases in Maldives is crucial for India’s maritime security. This helps India maintain its dominance in the Indian Ocean and protects its vital sea lanes.
• Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: Maldives is a key partner in India’s maritime diplomacy efforts, including initiatives like SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). These frameworks enhance regional stability.
• Political Stability and Regional Peace: Stability in Maldives is vital for the overall security of South Asia. India’s support to Maldives during political crises ensures that the country does not fall into instability, which could be exploited by external powers.

The Maldives holds significant geopolitical and geostrategic importance for India, particularly in the context of global trade and energy flows. Collaborative efforts between India and the Maldives are essential to ensure maritime security, counter-terrorism, and economic prosperity in the Indian Ocean region.